Psycho

Assignment and Operations#

Suffix:

• L/l: Represents long type
• LL/ll: Represents long long type
• U/u: Represents unsigned type

Type Conversion#

Order:

1. long double
2. double
3. float
4. unsigned long long
5. long long
6. unsigned long
7. long
8. unsigned int
9. int

Characters#

Character Data Types

Type Inference#

// The type of variable a is float
auto a{1.0f}

// You can use typeid(a).name() to check

Formatted Output#

The red methods require including the header file iomanip.

Escape#

Operator Precedence#

Character Encoding#

Enumeration#

Code Example:

// Basic types can only be integral types int short
enum class TypeName: BasicType
{
    Type1
}

// The default basic type is int
// If not assigned, it starts from 0 by default
enum class EquipLv {
    normal,
    high,
    rare,
    epic,
    legend,
    myth
};

enum class EquipLv {
    normal=100,
    high,
    rare,
    epic,
    legend,
    myth=1000
};

// Usage
EquipLv weaponCLV{ EquipLv::normal };
EquipLv weaponDLV{ EquipLv::legend };

Summary of Enumeration Types:

• Enumeration types can improve code readability and safety.
• The default enumeration type is int.
• Members of enumeration types can only be integral types.
• Conversion between enumeration types and other types requires explicit conversion.
• By default, the initial value of the next item in an enumeration type is the initial value of the previous item + 1.

Custom Type Names#

Ways to rename a type name: (TypeName is replaced by A)

1. #define TypeName A
2. typedef TypeName A
3. using A = TypeName

Namespace#

using namespace

Variable Lifetime#

• The lifetime of a variable in a code block starts from its declaration until the end of that code block.
• Variables declared before the start of the code are called global variables, and their lifetime is from the start of the program until the program ends.
• In case of variable name conflicts, the proximity principle is applied.
• To access globally scoped variables with name conflicts, you can use the qualifier ::.

Custom Data Types#

• The essence of a structure is to define a contiguous block of memory in our own way.
• Declaring a structure variable essentially requests a block of memory from the computer, and this memory's size is at least the sum of the memory required by the defined structure members (memory alignment).
• Using a structure means reading and writing data from this block of memory according to our defined way.

Bitwise Operations#

Output Binary Content#

1. Include the bitset header file.
2. std::bitset<number of bits to display>(variable to display)

#include<iostream>
#include<bitset>
int main() {
    int a{(int) 0b11111101111111101111111 };
    std::cout << std::bitset<32>(a);
    return 0;
}

00000000011111101111111101111111
D:\project\cpp\demo1\Debug\demo1.exe (process 75568) exited with code 0.
Press any key to close this window . . .

Left Shift#

<<

Right Shift#

When right-shifting signed numbers, the highest bit is filled with the sign bit.

Bitwise NOT#

~

Bitwise AND#

&

Bitwise OR#

|

Bitwise XOR#

^

Relational Operators#

Logical Operators#

Note:

• The precedence of unary operators is higher than that of binary operators.
• The precedence of bitwise operations is higher than that of logical operations.
• ~! > & > |

The essence of values in logical operations is to convert values into boolean values before performing logical operations.

String Handling#

String handling functions (cctype header file)

Variable in Statement Blocks#

C++17 New Syntax

if(variable lifetime; condition)
{
    
} 
else 
{
       
}

Formatted Stream Output and Escape#

printf

Invisible Input#

The console will not display the input content.

The header file needs to include <conio.h>

int _getch();

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
int main() {
    int a = _getch();
    printf("The entered character is: %d", a);
    return 0;
}

goto#

#include<iostream>
int main() {
    char a;
rep:
    printf("Please enter an uppercase letter: ");
    std::cin >> a;
    if (a > 64 && a < 91 )
    {
        a += 32;
    }
    else
    {
        goto rep;
    }
    return 0;
}

Essence of Arrays#

• The essence of a one-dimensional array is to request a contiguous block of memory from the operating system according to the data type specified.
• The essence of a multi-dimensional array is also to request a contiguous block of memory from the operating system, generally sorted in a low-dimensional linear order (which may vary due to differences in operating systems and compilers), and indexing is just for convenient access to the corresponding memory area.

One-Dimensional Array#

Definition:

DataType ArrayName[ConstantExpression];

Initialization:

int a[10] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};

Two-Dimensional Array#

Definition:

DataType ArrayName[ConstantExpression1][ConstantExpression2];

Initialization:

// All defined within braces
int a[3][4] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12};
// Can omit the first dimension length
int a[][4] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12};

// Assign values to some elements
int a[3][4] = {{1},{5},{9}};

Looping Based on Arrays#

#include<iostream>
int main() {
    int a[4] = { 3, 4, 2, 7 };
    // First method
    for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(a) / sizeof(int); i++)
    {
        std::cout << a[i] << std::endl;
    }

    // Second method
    // The data type can be written as auto
    for(int value :a)
    {
        std::cout << value << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

std::array#

Native array + additional features

Syntax:

std::array<Type, NumberOfElements> VariableName

For example: std::array<int, 5> studentId;

Common Usage:

// Return the number of elements in studentId
studentId.size();
// Set all elements in studentId to 250
studentId.fill(250);
// Return the content of studentId[1], out of bounds will throw an error
studentId.at(1);

std::vector#

Syntax:

std::vector<DataType> VariableName

For example:

std::vector<int> studentId

Common Methods:

// Initialize a vector with elements 1,2,3
std::vector<int> studentId{1,2,3};

// Set this vector to have 5 elements
std::vector<int> studentId(5);

// Set this vector to have 5 elements, initialized to 100
std::vector<int> studentId(5, 100);

Common Methods:

Methods in std::array can generally be used in std::vector.

// Add value to the vector
studentId.push_back(value);

// Reinitialize studentId to have 10 elements, each element is 100
studentId.assign(10, 100);

// Clear studentId
studentId.clear();

// Check if studentId is empty
studentId.empty();

Input#

C Language#

char str[0xff];
scanf("%s", str);

wchar_t wstr[0xff];
wscanf(L"%s", wstr);

#define  _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
    const char* username[10];
    printf("Please enter your name: ");
    scanf("%s", &username);

    printf("\nYour name is: %s\n", username);

    // Wide character
    setlocale(LC_ALL, "chs");
    wchar_t* w_username = new wchar_t[5];
    printf("【Wide Character】Please enter your name: ");
    wscanf(L"%s", &username);
    wprintf(L"\n【Wide Character】Your name is: %s\n", username);

    return 0;
}

Character Length#

strlen()

To find the length of wide characters:

wslen()